Video game training refers to the use of commercially available video game consoles (e.g. Nintendo WiiTM, Sony PlayStation EyeToy, Microsoft XBox Kinect) for post-stroke rehabilitation.
Video gaming has the potential to be beneficial as it is affordable, designed to be entertaining and fun, can be used at home, individually or in groups (e.g. pairs), and can provide repetitive exercises with increases in level of difficulty. Before recommending the use of video game training as a common clinical technique for upper limb rehabilitation, it is important to understand the current evidence on its effectiveness.
The present module includes studies that examined the use of commercially available video game consoles for upper limb rehabilitation. Studies that did not report on any upper limb related outcomes were excluded. Similarly, studies that were not randomized clinical trials (RCTs) or poorly designed quasi-experimental studies were excluded.
Currently, eleven RCTs and one well designed quasi-experimental studyAn experimental study in which the participants are not randomized to receive treatments and as such the investigators lack control over allocation to interventions. This study design is inferior to a randomized controlled trial (RCT) but is valuable in answering research questions when an RCT is not possible either because of ethical constraints or logistic restraints. have investigated the effect of upper limb rehabilitation using commercially available video game consoles. Eight RCTs are of high quality and three are of fair quality.
Patient/Family Information
What is video game training?
Video game training refers to the use of commercially available video game consoles (e.g. Nintendo WiiTM, Sony PlayStation EyeToy, Microsoft XBox Kinect) for post-stroke rehabilitation. After a strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More, the patient can use the gaming system in different ways during rehabilitation, to help improve motor function and motor recovery. The video game systems include hand-held devices and/or pressure sensitive footpads that respond to the patients motion in real-time. Games are typically based around sports and exercise (e.g. tennis, golf, bowling, yoga, dancing etc.), although some games involve daily activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function. such as cooking.
Nintendo Wii.
Photo courtesy of the Wikimedia Commons, a freely licensed media file repository.
Sony Playstation Eyetoy.
Photo courtesy of the Wikimedia Commons, a freely licensed media file repository.
Example of a hand held controller.
Photo courtesy of Wii-based Movement Therapy from the McNulty group at NeuRA, Australia.
Example of a pressure sensitive foot-pad.
Photo courtesy of the Wikimedia Commons, a freely licensed media file repository.
Why use video game training after a stroke?
It is common for individuals to experience loss of movement and strength after a strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. Difficulties with movement and muscle weakness can impact on the patient’s ability to use his/her arm and hand. Video game training can be a fun and motivating way to improve arm and hand strength and motor function. The video games use visual images that respond to movement made by the patient while he/she is playing the game. These visual images provide the patient with immediate feedback about his/her body movements. The patient can then adjust or adapt his/her movements in response to this visual feedback. This visual feedback has been shown to help with motor learning and motor recovery following strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
The patient’s rehabilitation team will identify some video game exercises that will help him/her with the difficulties caused by the strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. The patient can practice these video game exercises in hospital, and can continue to practice at home after he/she has been discharged from hospital.
Does it work for stroke?
Researchers have studied how video game training can help strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More patients:
In individuals with ACUTE strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More (up to 1 month after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More), 1 fair quality study found that video game training:
Was as helpful as another treatment for improving self-care skills (e.g. dressing and bathing), pain, and physical skills of the arms.
In individuals with SUBACUTE strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More (1 month to 6 months after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More), no studies up to date have investigated the effects of video game training.
In individuals with CHRONIC strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More (more than 6 months after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More), 3 high quality studies, 1 fair quality study and 1 non-randomized study found that video game training:
Was more helpful than the usual treatment alone for improving dexterity, motivation, arms range of motion, arms activity,
Was as helpful as other treatments for improving self-care skills (e.g. dressing and bathing), grip strength, quality of life, physical skills of arms and legs, walking activity level and walking speed.
In individuals with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More (acute, subacute and/or chronic), 5 high quality studies and 1 fair quality study found that video game training:
Was more helpful than the usual treatment alone for improving dexterity, motivation, arms range of motion and arms activity.
Was as helpful as other treatments for improving self-care skills (e.g. dressing and bathing), dexterity, cognitive function (e.g. memory), grip strength, quality of life, range of motion, spasticityInvoluntary muscle tightness and stiffness that can occur after a stroke. It is characterized by exaggerated deep tendon reflexes that interfere with muscular activity, gait, movement, or speech. Spasticity can increase initially but wane down later on, after stroke. , physical skills and activity of the arms.
Side effects/risks?
No real risks have been reported as long as you remember to pace your activity level. It is important to try each activity for a short time the first time and see how your muscles feel the next day. Pacing yourself and building up your tolerance is important. So take your time, try out activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function. slowly and then add in new activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function. once you have an idea of which activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function. seem to be best for you.
Who provides the treatment?
It is important to speak to an occupational therapistIn charge of the “assessment of personal and domestic care activities; evaluation and treatment of functional impairments related to change in sensorimotor, cognitive and perceptual abilities; prescription of wheelchairs and bathroom appliances; home visits; patient and family education.”(Suggested by Philips et al, 2002) or physical therapistIn charge of the “assessment and treatment of motor functioning, including motor control, strength and physical conditioning; balance, gait and mobility retraining; home and community visits; patient and family education regarding mobility and safety issues.” (Suggested by Philips et al, 2002) before beginning video game training after a strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. He or she can help you to decide which video game exercises will be best suited to you, according to your rehabilitation goals and your level of ability. Different video game exercises will help with different rehabilitation goals such as improving coordination, strength, fine motor control, etc. Once you have a good idea which games best suit your needs you can then use the video game training system at home regularly as a form of therapy. Video game training is also a great activity to do with other family members such as your children and grandchildren.
How many treatments?
Information on the amount and intensity of video game training needed is not yet available. High quality studies need to be conducted before advice can be given regarding specific programs and content of treatment sessions. Speak with your occupational therapistIn charge of the “assessment of personal and domestic care activities; evaluation and treatment of functional impairments related to change in sensorimotor, cognitive and perceptual abilities; prescription of wheelchairs and bathroom appliances; home visits; patient and family education.”(Suggested by Philips et al, 2002) or physical therapistIn charge of the “assessment and treatment of motor functioning, including motor control, strength and physical conditioning; balance, gait and mobility retraining; home and community visits; patient and family education regarding mobility and safety issues.” (Suggested by Philips et al, 2002) , and use your judgment by beginning slowly and building in new activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function. and longer periods of training over time.
How much does it cost?
The cost of these various video games and the game console are relatively affordable. The average price in 2017 for commercially available gaming systems in Canada is approximately 300$ – 400$. You will also need to buy different programs, which your therapist can help you pick.
Is video game training for me?
There is some evidence that video games training is more effective than regular therapy or no therapy for improving arm and hand function and functional independence after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. However, studies have also shown that it is not more effective than other therapies for improving grip strength, quality of life, hand dexterity and motor recovery in some patients.
It is best to talk with your occupational therapistIn charge of the “assessment of personal and domestic care activities; evaluation and treatment of functional impairments related to change in sensorimotor, cognitive and perceptual abilities; prescription of wheelchairs and bathroom appliances; home visits; patient and family education.”(Suggested by Philips et al, 2002) or physical therapistIn charge of the “assessment and treatment of motor functioning, including motor control, strength and physical conditioning; balance, gait and mobility retraining; home and community visits; patient and family education regarding mobility and safety issues.” (Suggested by Philips et al, 2002) to decide whether video game therapy is suitable for you.
Clinician Information
Note: When reviewing the findings, it is important to note that they are always made according to randomized clinical trial (RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More) criteria – specifically as compared to a control group. To clarify, if a treatment is “effective” it implies that it is more effective than the control treatment to which it was compared. Non-randomized studies are no longer included when there is sufficient research to indicate strong evidence (level 1a) for an outcome.
The present module includes studies that examined the use of commercially available video game consoles for upper limb rehabilitation. Studies that did not report on any upper limb related outcomes were excluded. Similarly, studies that were not randomized clinical trials (RCTs) or poorly designed quasi-experimental studies were excluded.
Currently, 11 RCTs and one well designed quasi-experimental studyAn experimental study in which the participants are not randomized to receive treatments and as such the investigators lack control over allocation to interventions. This study design is inferior to a randomized controlled trial (RCT) but is valuable in answering research questions when an RCT is not possible either because of ethical constraints or logistic restraints. have investigated the effect of upper limb rehabilitation using commercially available video game consoles. Eight RCTs are of high quality and three are of fair quality.
One fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Kong et al., 2016) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on functional independence in patients with acute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More randomized patients to receive Nintendo WiiTM upper extremity training, time-matched occupational therapy upper extremity training, or no additional upper extremity training; all groups received conventional rehabilitation. Functional independence was measured by the Functional Independence Measure at post-treatment (3 weeks), and two follow-up time points (1 and 3 months post-treatment). No significant between-group differences were found at any time points.
Conclusion: There is limited evidence (Level 2a) from one fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than comparison interventions (time-matched occupational therapy upper extremity training, no additional training) in improving functional independence in patients with acute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Pain
Not effective
2A
One fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Kong et al., 2016) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on upper extremity pain in patients with acute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More randomized patients to receive Nintendo WiiTM upper extremity training, time-matched occupational therapy upper extremity training, or no additional upper extremity training; all groups received conventional rehabilitation. Upper extremity pain was measured by Visual Analogue Scale at post-treatment (3 weeks) and at two follow-up time points (1 and 3 months post-treatment). No significant between-group differences were found at any time points.
Conclusion: There is limited evidence (Level 2a) from one fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than comparison interventions (time-matched occupational therapy upper extremity training, no additional training) for reducing upper extremity pain in patients with acute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Stroke outcomes
Not effective
2A
One fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Kong et al., 2016) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More outcomes in patients with acute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More randomized patients to receive Nintendo WiiTM upper extremity training, time-matched occupational therapy upper extremity training, or no additional upper extremity training; all groups received conventional rehabilitation. StrokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More outcomes were measured by the StrokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More Impact Scale – Upper Limb score at post-treatment (3 weeks), and at two follow-up points (1 and 3 months). No significant between-group differences were found at any time points.
Conclusion: There is limited evidence (Level 2a) from one fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than comparison interventions (time-matched occupational therapy upper extremity training, no additional training) in improving strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More outcomes in patients with acute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Upper extremity motor function
Not effective
2A
One fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Kong et al., 2016) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on upper extremity motor function in patients with acute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More randomized patients to receive Nintendo WiiTM upper extremity training, time-matched occupational therapy upper extremity training, or no additional upper extremity training; all groups received conventional rehabilitation. UE motor function was measured by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment – Upper Extremity score and Action Research Arm Test at post-treatment (3 weeks), and at follow-up points (1 and 3 months). No significant between-group differences were found on any of the measures at all time points.
Conclusion: There is limited evidence (Level 2a) from one fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than comparison interventions (time-matched occupational therapy upper extremity training, no additional training) in improving upper extremity motor function in patients with acute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Chronic Phase
Dexterity
Effective
1b
One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Sin & Lee, 2013) and one quasi-experimental designA study in which subjects typically receive differing treatments and outcomes are then compared. No randomization is done in the assignment of treatment groups. study (Chen et al., 2015) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on dexterity in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
The high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Sin & Lee, 2013) randomized patients to receive upper extremity training using Microsoft XBox Kinect + conventional occupational therapy or conventional occupational therapy alone. Dexterity was measured by the Box and Block Test at post-treatment (6 weeks). Significant between-group differences were found, favoring video game training + conventional occupational therapy vs. conventional occupational therapy alone.
The quasi-experimental designA study in which subjects typically receive differing treatments and outcomes are then compared. No randomization is done in the assignment of treatment groups. study (Chen et al., 2015) assigned patients to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM gaming system, XaviX® Port or conventional equipment; all groups received conventional rehabilitation. Dexterity was measured by the Box and Block Test at baseline and at post-treatment (8 weeks). No significant between-group differences were found.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training + conventional occupational therapy is more effective than a comparison intervention (conventional occupational therapy alone) in improving dexterity in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. However, one quasi-experimental designA study in which subjects typically receive differing treatments and outcomes are then compared. No randomization is done in the assignment of treatment groups. study found that upper extremity video game training was not more effective than a comparison intervention (upper extremity training using conventional equipment) in improving dexterity in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. Note: In the high quality study the experimental group received greater training time than the control group.
Functional independence
Not effective
2B
One quasi-experimental designA study in which subjects typically receive differing treatments and outcomes are then compared. No randomization is done in the assignment of treatment groups. study (Chen et al., 2015) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on functional independence in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This quasi-experimental designA study in which subjects typically receive differing treatments and outcomes are then compared. No randomization is done in the assignment of treatment groups. study assigned patients to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM gaming system, XaviX® Port or conventional equipment; all groups received conventional rehabilitation. Functional independence was measured by the Functional Independence Measure at baseline and at post-treatment (8 weeks). No significant between-group differences were found.
Conclusion: There is limited evidence (Level 2b) from one quasi-experimental designA study in which subjects typically receive differing treatments and outcomes are then compared. No randomization is done in the assignment of treatment groups. study that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than a comparison intervention (upper extremity training using conventional equipment) in improving functional independence in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Grip strength
Not effective
1B
One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Givon et al., 2016) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on grip strength in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More randomized patients to receive upper extremity video game training or conventional rehabilitation exercises. Grip strength was measured by the Jamar Dynamometer (affected and non-affected hands) at post-treatment (3 months) and at follow-up (6 months). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than a comparison intervention (conventional exercises) in improving grip strength in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Health-related quality of life
Not effective
1B
One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (da Silva Ribeiro et al., 2015) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on health-related quality of life in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More randomized patients to receive Nintendo WiiTM training or conventional physical therapy. Health-related quality of life was measured by the Shoft-Form-36 (SF-36 – total, physical functioning, physical aspects, pain, general health status, vitality, social aspects, emotional aspects, mental health) at post-treatment (2 months). Significant between-group differences were found on only one component of health-related quality of life (SF-36 – physical functioning), favoring conventional physical therapy vs. Nintendo WiiTM training.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than a comparison intervention (conventional physical therapy) in improving health-related quality of life in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. In fact, video game training was found to be less effective than physical therapy in improving one component of health-related quality of life (physical functioning).
Motivation
Effective
2b
One quasi-experimental designA study in which subjects typically receive differing treatments and outcomes are then compared. No randomization is done in the assignment of treatment groups. study (Chen et al., 2015) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on motivation in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This quasi-experimental designA study in which subjects typically receive differing treatments and outcomes are then compared. No randomization is done in the assignment of treatment groups. study assigned patients to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM gaming system, XaviX®Port or conventional equipment; all groups received conventional rehabilitation. Motivation was measured by a motivation and enjoyment interviewer-administered questionnaire at post-treatment (8 weeks). Significant between-group differences were found, favoring both video game systems vs. conventional equipment.
Conclusion: There is limited evidence (Level 2b) from one quasi-experimental designA study in which subjects typically receive differing treatments and outcomes are then compared. No randomization is done in the assignment of treatment groups. study that upper extremity video game training is more effective than a comparison intervention (upper extremity training using conventional equipment) in improving motivation in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Motor function
Not effective
1B
One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (da Silva Ribeiro et al., 2015) and one quasi-experimental designA study in which subjects typically receive differing treatments and outcomes are then compared. No randomization is done in the assignment of treatment groups. study (Chen et al., 2015) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on motor function in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
The high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (da Silva Ribeiro et al., 2015) randomized patients to receive Nintendo WiiTMtraining or conventional physical therapy. Motor function was measured by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) at post-treatment (2 months). No significant between-group differences were found.
The quasi-experimental designA study in which subjects typically receive differing treatments and outcomes are then compared. No randomization is done in the assignment of treatment groups. study (Chen et al., 2015) assigned patients to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM gaming system, XaviX®Port or conventional equipment; all groups received conventional rehabilitation. Motor function was measured by the FMA (total score) at post-treatment (8 weeks). No significant between-group differences were found.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More and one quasi-experimental designA study in which subjects typically receive differing treatments and outcomes are then compared. No randomization is done in the assignment of treatment groups. study that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than comparison interventions (conventional physical therapy, upper extremity training using conventional equipment) in improving motor function in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Range of motion
Effective
1B
One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Sin & Lee, 2013) and one quasi-experimental designA study in which subjects typically receive differing treatments and outcomes are then compared. No randomization is done in the assignment of treatment groups. study (Chen et al., 2015) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on upper extremity range of motion (ROM) in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
The high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Sin & Lee, 2013) randomized patients to receive upper extremity training using Microsoft XBox Kinect + conventional occupational therapy or conventional occupational therapy alone. Upper extremity ROM (shoulder flexion/extension/abduction, elbow flexion, wrist flexion/extension) was measured by goniometer at post-treatment (6 weeks). Significant between-group differences were found (shoulder flexion/extension/abduction, elbow flexion), favoring video game training + conventional occupational therapy vs. conventional occupational therapy alone.
The quasi-experimental designs study (Chen et al., 2015) randomized patients to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM gaming system, XaviX®Port or conventional equipment; all groups received conventional rehabilitation. Upper extremity ROM (proximal: shoulder and elbow; distal: forearm and wrist) was measured by goniometer at post-treatment (8 weeks). No significant between-group differences were found.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training + conventional occupational therapy is more effective than a comparison intervention (conventional occupational therapy alone) in improving upper extremity ROM in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. However, one quasi-experimental designA study in which subjects typically receive differing treatments and outcomes are then compared. No randomization is done in the assignment of treatment groups. study found that upper extremity video game training was not more effective than a comparison intervention (upper extremity training using conventional equipment) in improving upper extremity ROM in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. Note: In the high quality study the experimental group received greater training time than the control group.
Upper extremity activity
Effective
2a
One fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Rand et al., 2014) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on upper extremity activity in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More randomized patients to receive upper extremity training using video games (Microsoft XBox Kinect, Sony PlayStation 2 EyeToy, Sony PlayStation 3 MOVE, SeeMe VR system) or conventional rehabilitation. Upper extremity activity was measured at post-treatment (3 months) according to: (i) number of active/passive purposeful/non-purposeful movement repetitions; and (ii) accelerometer activity count (movement acceleration, intensity) of the affected/unaffected upper extremity. Significant between-group differences were found (active purposeful movements, movement acceleration, intensity of the affected extremity), favoring video game training vs. conventional rehabilitation. In contrast, there were significant between-group differences in active/passive non-purposeful movements, favoring conventional rehabilitation vs. video game training.
Conclusion: There is limited evidence (Level 2a) from one fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training is more effective than a comparison intervention (conventional rehabilitation) in improving some aspects of upper extremity activity (number of active purposeful movements, movement acceleration and intensity) in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. However, this fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More also found that upper extremity video game training was less effective than conventional rehabilitation in improving number of active/passive non-purposeful movements.
Upper extremity motor function
Conflicting
4
Two high quality RCTs (Sin & Lee, 2013; Givon et al., 2016) and one fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Rand et al., 2014) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on upper extremity motor function in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
The first high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Sin & Lee, 2013) randomized patients to receive upper extremity training using Microsoft XBox Kinect + conventional occupational therapy or conventional occupational therapy alone. Upper extremity motor function was measured by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment – Upper Extremity score (FMA-UE) at post-treatment (6 weeks). Significant between-group differences were found, favoring video game training + conventional occupational therapy vs. conventional occupational therapy alone.
The second high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Givon et al., 2016) randomized patients to receive upper extremity video game training or conventional exercises. Upper extremity motor function was measured by the Action Research Arm Test at post-treatment (3 months) and at follow-up (6 months). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
The fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Rand et al., 2014) randomized patients to receive upper extremity training using video games (Microsoft XBox Kinect, Sony PlayStation 2 EyeToy, Sony PlayStation 3 MOVE, SeeMe VR system) or conventional rehabilitation. Upper extremity motor function was measured by the FMA-UE at post-treatment (3 months). No significant between-group differences were found.
Conclusion: There is conflicting evidence (Level 4) from two high quality RCTs regarding the effect of upper extremity upper extremity video game training on upper extremity motor function in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More found that upper extremity upper extremity video game training + conventional occupational therapy was more effective than conventional occupational therapy alone, whereas another high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More and a fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More found that upper extremity video game training was not more effective than conventional exercises or conventional rehabilitation, respectively. Note: In the high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that found improvement, the experimental group received greater training time than the control group.
Walking activity level
Not effective
1B
One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Givon et al., 2016) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on walking activity level in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More randomized patients to receive upper extremity video game training or conventional exercises. Walking activity level was measured by an Acticial Minimitter Co. hip accelerometer (number of steps walked/day) at post-treatment (3 months) and at follow-up (6 months). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity upper extremity video game training is not more effective than a comparison intervention (conventional exercises) in improving walking activity level in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Walking speed
Not effective
1B
One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Givon et al., 2016) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on walking speed in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More randomized patients to receive upper extremity video game training or conventional exercises. Walking speed was measured by the 10 Meter Walk Test at post-treatment (3 months) and at follow-up (6 months). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than a comparison intervention (conventional exercises) in improving walking speed in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Phase not specific to one period
Cognitive function
Not effective
1B
One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Choi et al., 2014) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on cognitive function in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or occupational therapy; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. Cognitive function was measured by the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Tests at post-treatment (4 weeks). No significant between-group differences were found on either measure.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity upper extremity video game training is not more effective than a comparison intervention (upper extremity occupational therapy) in improving cognitive function in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Dexterity
Not effective
1a
Three high quality RCTs (Choi et al., 2014; McNulty et al., 2015; Saposnik et al., 2016) and one fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Saposnik et al., 2010) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on dexterity in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
The first high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Choi et al., 2014) randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or conventional occupational therapy; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. Dexterity was measured by the Box and Block Test (BBT) at post-treatment (4 weeks). No significant between-group differences were found.
The second high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (McNulty et al., 2015) randomized patients with subacute/chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or modified constraint induced therapy. Dexterity was measured by the BBT and the Grooved Pegboard test at post-treatment (10 days) and at follow-up (6 months). No significant between-group differences were found on any measure at either time point.
The third high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Saposnik et al., 2016) randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or recreational therapy; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. Dexterity was measured by the BBT at post-treatment (2 weeks) and at follow-up (4 weeks post-treatment). Significant between-group differences were found only at post-treatment, favoring recreational therapy vs. video game training.
The fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Saposnik et al., 2010) randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or recreational therapy; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. Dexterity was measured by the BBT at post-treatment (2 weeks) and at follow-up (1 month). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is strong evidence (Level 1a) from three high quality RCTs and one fairquality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than comparison interventions (conventional occupational therapy, modified constraint induced therapy, recreational therapy) in improving dexterity in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. In fact, one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More found that UE training using gaming was LESS effective than recreational therapy.
Functional independence
Not effective
1A
Four high quality RCTs (Yavuzer et al., 2008; Choi et al., 2014; Saposnik et al., 2016; Simsek & Cekok, 2016) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on functional independence in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
The first high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Yavuzer et al., 2008) randomized patients with subacute/chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Playstation EyeToy or sham video game training; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. Functional independence was measured by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM, self-care item) at baseline, post-treatment (4 weeks), and at follow-up (3 months post-treatment). Significant between-group differences in FIM self-care changes scores from baseline to post-treatment and from post-treatment to follow-up were found, favoring video game training vs. sham video game training.
The second high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Choi et al., 2014) randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or conventional occupational therapy; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. Functional independence was measured by the Korean version of the modified Barthel Index (BI) at post-treatment (4 weeks). No significant between-group differences were found.
The third high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Saposnik et al., 2016) randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or recreational therapy; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. Functional independence was measure by the FIM, the BI and the modified Rankin Scale at post-treatment (2 weeks) and at follow-up (4 weeks post-treatment). No significant between-group differences were found on any measure at either time point.
The forth high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Simsek & Cekok, 2016) randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive balance and upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or Bobath Neurodevelopmental treatment. Functional independence was measured by the FIM at post-treatment (10 weeks). No significant between-group differences were found.
Conclusion: There is strong evidence (Level 1a) from three high quality RCTs that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than comparison interventions (conventional occupational therapy, recreational therapy, Bobath Neurodevelopmental treatment) in improving functional independence in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. Note: However, one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More found that upper extremity video game training was more effective than sham video game training.
Grip strength
Not effective
1A
Two high quality RCTs (Choi et al., 2014; Saposnik et al., 2016) and one fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Saposnik et al., 2010) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on grip strength in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
The first high quality RTC (Choi et al., 2014) randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or conventional occupational therapy; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. Grip strength was measured by a dynamometer at post-treatment (4 weeks). No significant between-group differences were found.
The second high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Saposnik et al., 2016) randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or recreational therapy; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. Grip strength was measured by a dynamometer at post-treatment (2 weeks) and at follow-up (4 weeks post-treatment). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
The fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Saposnik et al., 2010) randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or recreational therapy; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. Grip strength was measured by a dynamometer at post-treatment (2 weeks) and follow-up (1 month). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is strong evidence (Level 1a) from two high quality RCTs and one fairquality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity upper extremity video game training is not more effective than comparison interventions (conventional occupational therapy, recreational therapy) in improving grip strength in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Health-related quality of life
Not effective
1B
One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Simsek & Cekok, 2016) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on health-related quality of life in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive balance and upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or Bobath Neurodevelopmental treatment. Health-related quality of life was measured by the Nottingham Health Profile at post-treatment (10 weeks). No significant between-group differences were found.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than a comparison intervention (Bobath neurodevelopmental treatment) in improving health-related quality of life in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Range of motion
Not effective
1b
One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (McNulty et al., 2015) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on range of motion (ROM) in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More randomized patients with subacute/chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or modified constraint induced therapy. Range of motion at the shoulder (flexion/extension/abduction), elbow (flexion), wrist (flexion/extension) and digits I/II (flexion) was measured by a goniometer at post-treatment (10 days) and at follow-up (6 months). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than a comparison intervention (modified constraint induced therapy) in improving upper extremity range of motion in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Self-perceived improvement
Not effective
1B
One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (McNulty et al., 2015) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on self-perceived improvement in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More randomized patients with subacute/chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or modified constraint induced therapy. Self-perceived improvement was measured by a standardized questionnaire at post-treatment (10 days). No significant between-group differences were found.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than a comparison intervention (modified constraint induced therapy) in improving self-perceived improvement in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Spasticity
Not effective
1B
One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (McNulty et al., 2015) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on spasticityInvoluntary muscle tightness and stiffness that can occur after a stroke. It is characterized by exaggerated deep tendon reflexes that interfere with muscular activity, gait, movement, or speech. Spasticity can increase initially but wane down later on, after stroke. in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More randomized patients with subacute/chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or modified constraint induced therapy. Upper extremity spasticityInvoluntary muscle tightness and stiffness that can occur after a stroke. It is characterized by exaggerated deep tendon reflexes that interfere with muscular activity, gait, movement, or speech. Spasticity can increase initially but wane down later on, after stroke. was measured by the Modified Ashworth Scale at post-treatment (10 days) and at follow-up (6 months). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than a comparison intervention (modified constraint induced therapy) for reducing upper extremity spasticityInvoluntary muscle tightness and stiffness that can occur after a stroke. It is characterized by exaggerated deep tendon reflexes that interfere with muscular activity, gait, movement, or speech. Spasticity can increase initially but wane down later on, after stroke. in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Stroke outcomes
Not effective
1B
One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Saposnik et al., 2016) and one fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Saposnik et al., 2010) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More outcomes in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
The high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Saposnik et al., 2016) randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or recreational therapy; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. StrokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More outcomes were measured by the StrokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More Impact Scale (SIS – hand function, perception of recovery, composite score: strength, hand function, mobility, activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function. of daily living/instrumental activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function. of daily living) at post-treatment (2 weeks) and at follow-up (4 weeks post-treatment). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
The fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Saposnik et al., 2010) randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or recreational therapy; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. StrokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More outcomes were measured by the StrokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More Impact Scale (hand function, perception of recovery, composite score: strength, hand function, mobility, activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function. of daily living/instrumental activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function. of daily living) at post-treatment (2 weeks) and follow-up (1 month post-treatment). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More and one fairquality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than a comparison intervention (recreational therapy) in improving strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More outcomes in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Upper extremity motor activity
Not effective
1b
One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (McNulty et al., 2015 investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on upper extremity motor activity in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. This high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More randomized patients with subacute/chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or modified constraint induced therapy. Upper extremity motor activity was measured by the Motor Activity Log (Quality of Movement Scale) at post-treatment (10 days) and follow-up (6 months). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than a comparison intervention (modified constraint induced therapy) in improving upper extremity motor activity in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
Upper extremity motor function
Not effective
1A
Four high quality RCTs (Yavuzer et al., 2008; Choi et al., 2014; McNulty et al., 2015; Saposnik et al., 2016) and one fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Saposnik et al., 2010) investigated the effect of upper extremity video game training on upper extremity motor function in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More.
The first high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Yavuzer et al., 2008) randomized patients with subacute/chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Playstation EyeToy or sham video game training; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. Upper extremity motor function was measured by the Brunnstrom Stages (hand, upper extremity) at baseline, post-treatment (4 weeks), and at follow-up (3 months post-treatment). Significant between-group differences in changes scores from baseline to post-treatment were found, favoring video game training vs. sham video game training. These significant differences were not maintained at follow-up.
The second high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Choi et al., 2014) randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or conventional occupational therapy; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. Upper extremity motor function was measured by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment – Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) and the Manual Function Test at post-treatment (4 weeks). No significant between-group differences were found on either measure.
The third high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (McNulty et al., 2015) randomized patients with subacute/chronic strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or modified constraint induced therapy. Upper extremity motor function measured by the Wolf-Motor Function Test (WMFT – time, maximal strength, submaximal strength) and (FMA-UE) at post-treatment (10 days) and follow-up (6 months). No significant between-group differences were found on either measure at ether time point.
The forth high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Saposnik et al., 2016) randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or recreational therapy; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. Upper extremity motor function was measured using an abbreviated version of the WMFT at post-treatment (2 weeks) and at follow-up (4 weeks post-treatment). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
The fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More (Saposnik et al., 2010) randomized patients with acute/subacute strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More to receive upper extremity training using Nintendo WiiTM or recreational therapy; both groups received conventional rehabilitation. Upper extremity motor function was measured using an abbreviated version of the WMFT at post-treatment (2 weeks) and at follow-up (1 month). Significant between-group differences were found at 1-month follow-up only, favoring video game training vs. recreational therapy.
Conclusion: There is strong evidence (Level 1a) from three high quality RCTs that upper extremity video game training is not more effective than comparison interventions (conventional occupational therapy; modified constraint induced therapy, recreational therapy) in improving upper extremity motor function in patients with strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. Note: However, one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More and one fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More found that video game training was more effective than comparison interventions (sham video game training, recreational therapy).
References
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Kong, K. H., Loh, Y. J., Thia, E., Chai, A., Ng, C. Y., Soh, Y. M., … & Tjan, S. Y. (2016). Efficacy of a Virtual Reality Commercial Gaming Device in Upper Limb Recovery after StrokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More: A Randomized, Controlled Study. Topics in StrokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More Rehabilitation, 23(5), 333-340. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10749357.2016.1139796
McNulty, P. A., Thompson‐Butel, A. G., Faux, S. G., Lin, G., Katrak, P. H., Harris, L. R., & Shiner, C. T. (2015). The efficacy of Wii‐based Movement Therapy for upper limb rehabilitation in the chronic poststroke period: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of StrokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More, 10(8), 1253-1260. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijs.12594/full
Rand, D., Givon, N., Weingarden, H., Nota, A., & Zeilig, G. (2014). Eliciting Upper Extremity Purposeful Movements Using Video Games a Comparison with Traditional Therapy for StrokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More Rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 28(8), 733-739. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24515927
Saposnik, G., Teasell, R., Mamdani, M., Hall, J., McIlroy, W., Cheung, D., … & Bayley, M. (2010). Effectiveness of virtual reality using Wii gaming technology in strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More rehabilitation. StrokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More, 41(7), 1477-1484. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/41/7/1477.short
Saposnik, G., Cohen, L. G., Mamdani, M., Pooyania, S., Ploughman, M., Cheung, D., … & Nilanont, Y. (2016). Efficacy and safety of non-immersive virtual reality exercising in strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More rehabilitation (EVREST): a randomised, multicentre, single-blind, controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology, 15(10), 1019-1027. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(16)30121-1/abstract
Şimşek, T. T., & Çekok, K. (2016). The effects of Nintendo WiiTM-based balance and upper extremity training on activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function. of daily living and quality of life in patients with sub-acute strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More: a randomized controlled study. International Journal of Neuroscience, 126(12), 1061-1070. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00207454.2015.1115993
Sin, H., & Lee, G. (2013). Additional virtual reality training using Xbox Kinect in strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More survivors with hemiplegiaComplete paralysis of the arm, leg, and trunk on one side of the body that results from damage to the parts of the brain that control muscle movements. Hemiplegia is not a progressive condition, nor is it a disease.. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 92(10), 871-880. http://journals.lww.com/ajpmr/Abstract/2013/10000/Additional_Virtual_Reality_Training_Using_Xbox.4.aspx
Yavuzer, G., Senel, A., Atay, M. B., & Stam, H. J. (2008). ”Playstation eyetoy games”improve upper extremity-related motor functioning in subacute strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More: a randomized controlled clinical trial. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 44(3), 237-244. http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/18469735
Excluded Studies
Combs, S. A., Finley, M. A., Henss, M., Himmler, S., Lapota, K., & Stillwell, D. (2012). Effects of a repetitive gaming intervention on upper extremity impairments and function in persons with chronic strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More: a preliminary study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(15), 1291-1298. Reason for exclusion: Not a RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More, pre-post study design.
Cheok, G., Tan, D., Low, A., & Hewitt, J. (2015). Is Nintendo Wii an effective intervention for individuals with strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More? A systematic reviewA systematic review is a summary of available research on a given topic that compares studies based on design and methods. It summarizes the findings of each, and points out flaws or potentially confounding variables that may have been overlooked. A critical analysis of each study is done in an effort to rate the value of its stated conclusions. The research findings are then summarized, and a conclusion is provided. and meta-analysisMethod in which the results of two or more studies are statistically combined. Typically used when studies have few subjects, but similar designs. By increasing the available number of subjects, more weight can be given to the findings. . Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 16(11), 923-932. Reason for exclusion: Review
Dos Santos, L. R. A., Carregosa, A. A., Masruha, M. R., Dos Santos, P. A., Coêlho, M. L. D. S., Ferraz, D. D., & Ribeiro, N. M. D. S. (2015). The use of Nintendo Wii in the rehabilitation of poststroke patients: a systematic reviewA systematic review is a summary of available research on a given topic that compares studies based on design and methods. It summarizes the findings of each, and points out flaws or potentially confounding variables that may have been overlooked. A critical analysis of each study is done in an effort to rate the value of its stated conclusions. The research findings are then summarized, and a conclusion is provided. . Journal of StrokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 24(10), 2298-2305. Reason for exclusion: Review
Hung, J. W., Chou, C. X., Hsieh, Y. W., Wu, W. C., Yu, M. Y., Chen, P. C., … & Ding, S. E. (2014). Randomized comparison trial of balance training by using exergaming and conventional weight-shift therapy in patients with chronic strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(9), 1629-1637. Reason for exclusion: Not specific to upper extremity rehabilitation.
Iosa, M., Morone, G., Fusco, A., Castagnoli, M., Fusco, F. R., Pratesi, L., & Paolucci, S. (2015). Leap motion controlled videogame-based therapy for rehabilitation of elderly patients with subacute strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More: a feasibility pilot study. Topics in StrokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More Rehabilitation, 22(4), 306-316. Reason for exclusion: Not a RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More, pre-post study design.
Morone, G., Tramontano, M., Iosa, M., Shofany, J., Iemma, A., Musicco, M., … & Caltagirone, C. (2014). The efficacy of balance training with video game-based therapy in subacute strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More patients: a randomized controlled trial. BioMed Research International, 2014. Reason for exclusion: Not specific to upper extremity rehabilitation.
Kottink, A. I., Prange, G. B., Krabben, T., Rietman, J. S., & Buurke, J. H. (2014). Gaming and conventional exercises for improvement of arm function after strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More: A randomized controlled pilot study. GAMES FOR HEALTH: Research, Development, and Clinical Applications, 3(3), 184-191. Reason for exclusion: Not commercially available console.
Paquin, K., Ali, S., Carr, K., Crawley, J., McGowan, C., & Horton, S. (2015). Effectiveness of commercial video gaming on fine motor control in chronic strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More within community-level rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(23), 2184-2191. Reason for exclusion: Not a RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More, pre-post study design.
Park, D. S., Lee, D. G., Lee, K., & Lee, G. (2017). Effects of Virtual Reality Training using Xbox Kinect on Motor Function in StrokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More Survivors: A Preliminary Study. Journal of StrokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More and Cerebrovascular Diseases. Reason for exclusion: No outcome measures related to upper limb function.
Rabin, B. A., Burdea, G. C., Roll, D. T., Hundal, J. S., Damiani, F., & Pollack, S. (2012). Integrative rehabilitation of elderly strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More survivors: The design and evaluation of the BrightArm™. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 7(4), 323-335. Reason for exclusion: Not a RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More, pre-post study design.
Redzuan, N. S., Engkasan, J. P., Mazlan, M., & Abdullah, S. J. F. (2012). Effectiveness of a video-based therapy program at home after acute strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 93(12), 2177-2183. Reason for exclusion: Not specific to upper extremity rehabilitation.
Rozental-Iluz, C., Zeilig, G., Weingarden, H., & Rand, D. (2016). Improving executive function deficits by playing interactive video-games: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial for individuals with chronic strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 52(4), 508-515. Reason for exclusion: No outcome measures related to upper limb function.
Shin, J. H., Park, S. B., & Jang, S. H. (2015). Effects of game-based virtual reality on health-related quality of life in chronic strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More patients: A randomized, controlled study. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 63, 92-98. Reason for exclusion: Not commercially available technology.
Trinh, T., Scheuer, S. E., Thompson-Butel, A. G., Shiner, C. T., & McNulty, P. A. (2016). Cardiovascular fitness is improved post-stroke with upper-limb Wii-based Movement Therapy but not dose-matched constraint therapy. Topics in StrokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. More Rehabilitation, 23(3), 208-216. Reason for exclusion: Not a RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. More, quasi-experimental designA study in which subjects typically receive differing treatments and outcomes are then compared. No randomization is done in the assignment of treatment groups. study with no between-group analysis and report.
Yates, M., Kelemen, A., & Sik Lanyi, C. (2016). Virtual reality gaming in the rehabilitation of the upper extremities post-stroke. Brain Injury, 30(7), 855-863. Reason for exclusion: Review
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